Land Boundary Agreement.

The much awaited Bangladesh-India Land Boundary Agreement Constitution Amendment Bill was passed in the Indian Parliament on 7 May 2015 and passed in the Lower House Lok Sabha on 6 May 2015. After being passed in the Rajya Sabha, Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj introduced the bill in the Lok Sabha. When the bill is raised in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Parliament, it is passed without hindrance. The next day it was raised in the Lok Sabha and the bill was passed unanimously, ending the long 8-year wait by 331 votes without any opposition. As a result, all legal hurdles in the implementation of the Bangladesh-India border agreement have been removed.

Enclaves: Enclaves are territories or settlements isolated from the main geographical boundaries of a country and within the main geographical boundaries of another country. The enclave is isolated from the mainland and if you want to go there, you have to cross the land of another country. These enclaves are located in the northern part of Bangladesh i.e. Panchagarh, Nilphamari, Lalmonirhat and Kurigram districts and across the border in Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri districts of India. The Kochrajaras and the Maharajas of Rangpur were basically the frontiers. There was competition between them and even in the case of loan repayment. During the Mughal period, the kings and maharajas of these two rival small kingdoms used to meet on the banks of the Teesta to play chess and cards. In the game, bets were placed on different levels, which were marked with pieces of paper. These pieces of paper were exchanged through win-lose in the game. Immediately change the ownership of the respective quarters. Thus the enclaves of one state and another were built during that period. Occupied land Occupied land is the legal land of one country occupied by another. In many parts of Bangladesh's border areas with India's West Bengal, Meghalaya, Assam and Tripura, residents of the two countries have been crossing the border and occupying land for years. Those in possession are also doing agricultural work in these disputed areas. Now these lands will be handed over to the country which has been occupying them for many years and the undeveloped lands will be handed over if the agreement is implemented.

Background of Bangladesh-India Border Agreement: The context of Bangladesh-India Border Agreement is deeply rooted. This is discussed below.

* Boundary Demarcation In 1947, Lord Mountbatten planned to draw the border between Bengal and Punjab. According to his plan, a demarcation commission was formed that year, headed by British lawyer Cyril Radcliffe. Radcliffe came to India from London on 7 July 1947. In just six weeks, on 13 August, he gave the final report on the demarcation. Three days later, on 16 August, the border map was released to the public. Such a decision was taken in a hurry without any consideration and the issue of demarcation was not properly settled. The result is a humanitarian problem.

* End of British rule: After the partition of the country at the end of British rule, this problem became evident when Rangpur moved to East Pakistan and Kochbihar moved to India. This is where the problem begins. Knowing this would be a problem, the British took some steps. They formed the 'Radcliffe Commission' to determine the boundaries of partition. But Radcliffe's short-sightedness, the interests of the kings of both countries, the greed of the local zamindars, the nepotism of the then Congress, the Muslim League and the leadership of the Hindu Mahasabha towards the tea garden owners and landlords could not be done properly. As a result, on the one hand, they have been pushed to other countries without any discussion with the local people, on the other hand, the people in the enclave areas have become expatriates in their own land.

* Nehru Noon Boundary Agreement On September 10, 1958, the Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and the Prime Minister of Pakistan Feroz Khan Noon signed the first Boundary Agreement. The agreement called for the exchange of enclaves as well as the exchange of under-occupied lands and the demarcation of a six-and-a-half-kilometer border. In this regard, the then President of India Rajendra Prasad sought the opinion of the Supreme Court on Article 143 of the Constitution of that country. The court then said that the matter should be settled through amendment of the constitution. Later, the resolution of the border issue has been delayed on the pretext of amending the constitution and conducting census at various times by India.

* Delhi Land Boundary Agreement: The Land Boundary Agreement was signed in Delhi on 16 May 1984 to resolve the unresolved border issues. It was signed by the then Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi. Article 3 of the land transfer agreement states that people must be given the opportunity to make their own decisions about where they want to live when exchanging land. The agreement was ratified by the Parliament of Bangladesh soon after it was signed. But that was not done for India. As a result, the solution to the problem was hanging.

* Non-cooperation of India: According to the Nehru-Noon Agreement of 1956, India will get the northern half of Berubari, India and the southern half and its adjoining areas. Although steps were taken to demarcate Berubari as per the agreement, it fell on deaf ears due to non-cooperation of India. As a result, the southern half of Berubari and its enclaves have not been addressed.

* Separate list of enclaves: After the Indira-Mujib agreement, the two countries started compiling separate lists of enclaves. But there is a discrepancy in the list of the two parties. Later, it was finalized on April 9, 1996, 111 inside Bangladesh and within India.

* Foreign Secretary degree meeting: In December 2000, the foreign Secretary stage assembly of the two nations decided to form a Joint Boundary working institution (JBWG). due to the fact then, the committee has held 4 meetings. the two facets met in Delhi in November 2010 and decided to clear up the issues inside the mild of the 1974 settlement. remark protocol signature. In September 2011, India took separate initiatives to address the problems. during top Minister Manmohan Singh's visit to Dhaka, India followed the equal direction. in the long run, India retreated to the inflexible role of Bangladesh. the 2 international locations signed the border protocol on September 6, 2011 in a written settlement.

The long awaited 7-12 months unresolved difficulty in the end came to mild after the Bangladesh-India land border awaited Bangladesh-India border agreement invoice changed into exceeded within the vital assembly of India on may additionally 5, 2015 and amended in the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha on may additionally 7 and eight, respectively. The implementation process of the settlement began on June 6 with the change of essential documents for the go to of Indian high Minister Narendra Modi to Bangladesh.

Contents of Bangladesh-India Border agreement: The bill aims at complete implementation of the 1974 Mujib-Indira agreement, India-Bangladesh

Marking of the enclave enclaves, subdivisions and about six and a half of kilometers of border.

Enclave change Bangladesh will have 111 enclaves in India. Its vicinity is sixteen,156 acres. India could have  fifty one enclaves of Bangladesh. Its region is 6,110 acres. most of the Indian enclaves are within the north-western part of Bangladesh.

Of those enclaves, fifty nine are in Lalmonirhat, 36 in Panchagarh, 12 in Kurigram and 4 in Nilphamari. place of fifty one enclaves in Bangladesh

46 in Kochbihar and 4 in Jalpaiguri in the Indian country of West Bengal.

* Misappropriated land: in line with the Bangladesh-India Border bill, Bangladesh gets a total of two,26.62 acres of misappropriated land in West Bengal, Meghalaya and Assam. on the other hand, India gets a complete of 2,6,036 acres of undeveloped land in West Bengal, Meghalaya and Tripura. The six-and-a-half of kilometer boundary will be marked Daikhata fifty seven (West Bengal), Muhuri River-Bilonia (Tripura) and Lathitia-Dumabari (Assam). Bangladesh may have

* West Bengal Bangladesh will get overall land in West Bengal below 1,956.fifty nine acres as in step with the vicinity stated.

Basumari-Madhugari (Kushtia-Nadia) - 1,356.25 acres.

Amberkota-338 sixty nine acres.

Berubari (Panchagarh-Jalpaiguri) -260.fifty five acres.

* Meghalaya Meghalaya Lobachera-Nunchera region Bangladesh will get a complete of forty one land. 602 acres.

 * Assam: Bangladesh will get 26.39 acres of overall land in Assam. The vicinity-sensible amount is mentioned underneath.

Thakuranibari-Kalabari / Baraibari (Kurigram-Dhubri) -193.75 acres.

Pallathal (Moulvibazar-Karimganj) -84.54 acres.

Will go to India

* West Bengal: India will get a complete land of 2,396.05 acres in West Bengal. The region-smart quantity is cited below

Berubari, Singpara-Khudipara (Panchagarh-Jalpaiguri) -1,38.99 acres.

Pukuria (Kushtia-Nadia) -56.38 acres.

Charmahishkundi-393.33 acres.

Haripal / LNpur (Patari) - 53.36 acres

* Meghalaya In Meghalaya, India gets a total land of 240.56 acres. The place-wise amount is mentioned under

Pirdiva-193.517 acres.

Likhot 1-4.693 acres.

Lingkhat 2-0,758 acres

Lingkhat 3-6.94 acres

Dauki / Tamabil - 1.556 acres.

Lalghuri 1-6.158 acres

Laljuri 3-26.756 acres.

* Tripura: India gets a complete of 137.forty one acres of land in the Chandannagar (Moulvibazar-North Tripura) region of ​​Tripura.

Consequently, if the undeveloped land between India and Bangladesh is transferred, you'll get 509.057 acres (judgment) greater than the u . s . a ..

 

Expenditure on Bangladesh-India border enclave exchange according to the facts given via Indian outside Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj within the Rajya Sabha, the implementation of Bangladesh-India enclave change will value India Rs three,001 crore. Of this, Rs 75 crore may be spent on constructing infrastructure and the last Rs 2,234 crore may be spent on rehabilitation of enclave citizens who want to come to India with citizenship. a complete of Tk 2,234 crore has been earmarked for all the 35,000 people residing within the enclaves of India in Bangladesh. even though the Bangladesh authorities has no longer announced a special application for enclaves, Tk two hundred crore has been allotted for the improvement of enclaves inside the current budget.

* effective factors of Bangladesh-India border agreement: If the implementation of Bangladesh-India border agreement, the enclaves can be tremendous.

Will experience the advantages. below are the positive aspects of the Bangladesh-India border agreement.

* Bilateral advantages will growth,

* Enclave residents can get citizenship in their personal country,

* Healthcare could be ensured,

* schooling facilities will boom,

* exchange blessings will boom,

* The enclave dwellers will see the light face out of the blocked life,

* Political rights might be guaranteed,

* Have the opportunity to experience social rights,

* State centers will be ensured,

* Roads might be repaired,

* There will be power connection in villages,

* Isolation will stop,

* Protection can be ensured and many others.

The border agreement alone isn't always sufficient. The humans of the enclave had been freed from an inhuman and degrading state of affairs. The governments of both the nations now should make sure the training, fitness and social safety of the enclaves. We want India to amplify the confidence it has proven. let India be sincere in fixing the water trouble. permit India show that even though it is a massive u . s ., it knows the way to respect its neighbors.